Biochemical Principles:


The nature of biological molecules: Proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), lipids, carbohydrates.

Chemical properties of biological molecules: Structure, bonding, and reactivity.

Enzymes and enzyme kinetics: How enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions.

Metabolism:


Metabolic pathways: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and more.

Catabolism and anabolism: Breaking down and building up of biomolecules.

Regulation of metabolism: Hormones, feedback loops, and metabolic control.

Cell Biology:


Cellular organelles and their functions: Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.

Cell membrane structure and transport mechanisms.

Signal transduction pathways: How cells communicate and respond to stimuli.

Genetics and Molecular Biology:


DNA structure and replication.

RNA synthesis and processing.

Genetic information flow: Transcription, translation, and gene regulation.

DNA repair, recombination, and transposition.

Proteins and Enzymes:


Protein structure and folding.

Protein function and ligand binding.

Enzyme mechanisms and kinetics.

Protein purification and analysis.

Biochemical Techniques:


Various laboratory techniques used in biochemistry and molecular biology, such as gel electrophoresis, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), Western blotting, and mass spectrometry.

Bioinformatics:


The use of computational methods and tools to analyze biological data, including sequence analysis, structural bioinformatics, and genomics.

Biological Macromolecules:


The structure and function of biological macromolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and polysaccharides.

Biological Membranes:


Membrane structure, transport mechanisms, and signal transduction.

Molecular Genetics:


Study of gene structure, regulation, and expression.

Cell Signaling:


Cellular communication and signal transduction pathways.

Cancer Biology:


Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of cancer.

Biochemical Pathways:


Detailed examination of metabolic and biochemical pathways in various organisms.

Biochemical Pharmacology:


The study of drugs and their interactions with biochemical processes in the body.

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering:


Applications of biochemistry and molecular biology in genetic modification, biopharmaceuticals, and genetic testing.

Environmental Biochemistry:


The study of how biochemical processes influence the environment and ecosystem.